Description
Maya Blue is one of the most extraordinary pigments of the ancient world, created by combining the deep blue dye extracted from Indigofera suffruticosa (añil, a native Central American indigo plant) with the fibrous clay mineral palygorskite. The dye molecules bond at high heat with the channels of the clay, creating a pigment of unmatched brilliance, permanence, and cultural significance.

The resulting powder is a luminous sky-blue with subtle turquoise undertones. In painting, Maya Blue is semi-transparent, lightly granulating, and produces radiant, ethereal washes in watercolor and tempera. Its stability surpasses nearly all other natural organic–mineral pigments, retaining vibrancy for centuries even in tropical climates.

History
First developed by the Maya around the 8th century CE (possibly earlier), Maya Blue was used extensively in wall paintings, codices, ceramics, and sacred rituals. Its formula was a closely guarded tradition, blending indigo dye with palygorskite clay sourced from regions in Mexico such as Oaxaca and the Yucatán Peninsula. In the pictured fresco from the Temple of the Warriors at Chichén Itzá, Maya Blue is used throughout to create the beutiful clothes, flowing waters, and deep blue accents of the fresco. In the pictured artwork "The Immaculate Conception" by Baltasar de Echave Ibiaf, Maya Blue is used extensively throughout in the robes and sky to create the beautiful rich blues inaccessible to much of Europe but used thoroughly in Mexico.

Unlike ordinary indigo dyes, which fade or wash away, Maya Blue is nearly indestructible: it resists acids, alkalis, solvents, biodegradation, and centuries of weathering. Archaeologists have uncovered murals at Bonampak, Chichén Itzá, and other Maya sites that still shine with brilliant blue centuries later.

Spanish chroniclers noted its ceremonial importance, including use in incense, offerings, and ritual body painting. Its creation represents a pinnacle of indigenous chemical knowledge—an intentional fusion of organic and mineral chemistry long before modern science could explain it.

Today, Maya Blue remains a marvel studied by archaeologists, chemists, and artisans, and is still made by traditional methods using true añil (Indigofera suffruticosa) and Mexican palygorskite.

Pigment Information
Pigment Type: Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Pigment
Components: Indigo (Indigofera suffruticosa) + Palygorskite (fibrous magnesium aluminum silicate clay)
Suitable Mediums: Oil, Watercolor, Tempera, Fresco, Mixed Media
Lightfastness: Exceptional (virtually permanent)
Opacity: Semi-Transparent
Other Names: Añil Maya Blue, Indigo–Palygorskite Blue
Color Index Code: Natural (no CI designation; indigo CI = NB1 when unbound)
Pictured Artwork: Fresco from the Temple of the Warriors at Chichén Itzá
Pictured Artwork 2: "The Immaculate Conception" by Baltasar de Echave Ibiaf rom the Museo Nacional de Arte de Mexico.