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Python Debugging Cheatsheet PDF | Error Types, pdb Commands & Bug Patterns

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Highlights

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When Python crashes and the traceback doesn't immediately make sense, this sheet tells you what the error means, how to read the stack trace, and what to check first. Covers every common error type, quick debug techniques, all the pdb commands, and the bugs beginners hit most.

What's included:
- 10 error types with what causes each: SyntaxError, NameError, TypeError, IndexError, KeyError, AttributeError, ValueError, ZeroDivisionError, RecursionError, ImportError
- How to read a traceback: read bottom-up, find the file and line number, use the caret marker, follow the call stack frames
- 7 debug techniques: print f-string probe (f'{var=}'), type() check, len() check before IndexError lines, dict.get() with a default, try/except probe, assert, logging module
- 8 pdb commands: set_trace/breakpoint(), n (next line), s (step into function), c (continue), p (print variable), l (list source), q (quit), b (add breakpoint by line number)
- 8 common bug patterns: off-by-one, mutable default argument, modifying a list while iterating it, == vs is, shadowed builtins, missing return, scope confusion, infinite loops

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Listed on 07 Aug, 2026